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Valence Electrons

"Valence electrons are the outer electrons that are involved in bonding. Only electrons in the s and p orbitals are valance electrons, so a given atom can have between 0 and 7 valance electrons. Atoms ...

Exception to Electron Configuration

"There are two main exceptions to electron configuration: chromium and copper. In these cases, a completely full or half full d sub-level is more stable than a partially filled d sub-level, so an elec ...

Electron Configuration

"Electron configuration is shorthand for the arrangement of electrons in atomic orbitals. It is written out, as opposed to orbital diagrams which are depicted pictorially. For elements with many elect ...

Electromagnetic Spectrum

"The electromagnetic spectrum depicts different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations shown from blue to red. On the electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength is shown to be increasing to the right and ...

Quantum Numbers

"All electrons have four quantum numbers which describe the location of electrons in the electron cloud of an atom. The principle quantum number (n) describes the size of the orbital the electron is i ...

Planck's Constant

"Planck's constant, abbreviated h, is the ratio of photon energy to the frequency. Planck's constant is used in the blackbody radiation spectrum, which indicates that energy is carried by light in dis ...

Photoelectric Effect

"The photoelectric effect is a tool that we use to determine how much energy electrons have. The photoelectric effect was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 and states that when light shines on meta ...

Orbital Diagrams

"Orbital diagrams are pictorial descriptions of the electrons in an atom. Three rules are useful in forming orbital diagrams. According to the Auf Bau Principle, each electron occupies the lowest ener ...

Atomic Orbitals

"Atomic orbitals are regions of space in which electrons can be found. Each orbital can fit two electrons and different orbitals have different shapes. The s sub-level has one spherically shaped orbit ...

Atomic Number - Isotopes

"Every element has a unique atomic number. The atomic number specifies how many protons an element has in its nucleus. In the periodic table of the elements, elements are arranged in order of ascendin ...

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